Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking putting the pieces together 英文参考文献.docVIP

Available online /content/11/4/238 Review Rheumatoid arthritis and smoking: putting the pieces together Zsuzsanna Baka1, Edit Buzás1 and Gy?rgy Nagy1,2 1Department of Genetics, Cell and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvárad tér 4., Budapest, H-1445, Hungary 2Department of Rheumatology, Semmelweis University, árpád fejedelem útja 7., Budapest, H-1023, Hungary Corresponding author: Gyorgy Nagy, gyorgyngy@ Published: 3 August 2009 Arthritis Research Therapy 2009, 11:238 (doi:10.1186/ar2751) This article is online at /content/11/4/238 ? 2009 BioMed Central Ltd Abstract of developing RA [3]. Only an early Dutch study from 1990 involving female RA patients (control patients with soft-tissue rheumatism and osteoarthritis) reported that smoking had a protective effect in RA, albeit they only investigated recent smoking and their controls were not from the general population [4]. Investigations have elucidated that many aspects of RA (rheumatoid factor (RF) positivity, severity, and so forth) can be linked to smoking. Recent data suggest that cigarette smoking establishes a higher risk for anti-citrulli- nated protein antibody (ACPA)-positive RA. In the present paper we attempt to give a thorough review of this field, Besides atherosclerosis and lung cancer, smoking is considered to play a major role in the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. It has long been known that there is a connection between rheumatoid factor-positive rheumatoid arthritis and cigarette smoking. Recently, an important gene–environment interaction has revealed; that is, carrying specific HLA-DRB1 alleles been encoding the shared epitope and smoking establish a significant risk for anti-citrullinated protein antibody-positive rheumatoid arthritis. We summarize how smoking-related alteration of the cytokine balance, the increased risk of infe