4-3 Grammar118张.ppt

①Before they drove any of the buses, they had passed a special test. 他们在驾驶公共汽车前，通过了专门测验。 ②After he had lived here for ten years, he decided to move to another place. 在这儿生活了十年后，他决定搬到另外一个地方去。 ③We found the letter long after he had gone away. 他离开很久之后我们才发现那封信。 但是如果不强调先后，或是因为从句中使用的是某个状态动词，after和before句子结构中的谓语动词也可以都用一般过去时。 ①We started before day broke. 我们天亮之前就出发了。 ②They arrived at the cinema after the film began. 电影开始后他们才到达电影院。 2．when, whenever, as和while when表示某个具体的时间，可以指一段时间，也可指时间点，既可表示一时性的动作，又可表示持续性的动作。whenever指的是“任何时间”。as所表示的动作与主句动作同时发生，具有延续的含义，一般与延续性动词连用。另外，表示“时间的推移”也用as。while只表示持续性的动作或状态，不能表示一时性或短暂的动作。 ①As/When/While I was walking to school, I saw Mr. Smith. 当我走向学校时，我见到了史密斯先生。 ②Mother called me as/while/when I read a novel. 我在看小说时，母亲叫我。 ③He arrived just as/when I stepped out of the room. 就在我跨出房门时他到达了。 ④While we were at school, we went to the library every day. 我们上学时，每天都去图书馆。 ⑤He sang as he worked. 他一边干活，一边唱歌。 ⑥He dropped the glass as he stood up. 他站起来时，把杯子摔了。 ⑦Whenever we see him we speak to him. 每次见到他，我们都和他说话。 ⑧As the day went on, the weather got worse. 日子一天天过去，天气越变越坏。 3．no sooner...than和hardly (scarcely)．..when 这两个连词词组都是表示主句与从句动作随即发生，意为“一……就……”。主句谓语动词用过去完成时。如果no sooner, hardly或scarcely位于句首，主句要倒装。 I had hardly/scarcely got home when it began to rain. ＝I had no sooner got home than it began to rain. ＝As soon as I got home, it began to rain. ＝Hardly/Scarcely had I got home when it began to rain. ＝No sooner had I got home than it began to rain. 我刚一到家，天就开始下雨了。 4．till和until until/till引导状语从句时，主句谓语动词为延续性动词时，主句和从句都用肯定句式，意为“一直到”，表示主句动作一直延续到until/till从句表示的时间才终止；主句谓语动词为短暂性动词时，主句用否定式，从句用肯定式，意思是“直到……才……”，表示主句动作到until/till从句表示的时间才开始。 ①He studied until/till it was 900. 他一直学到了九点。 ②He didnt study until/till it was 900. 他到九点才学习。 ③Dont get off the bus until it has stopped. 公共汽车停稳后再下车。 until和till意义相同，通常可换用，但在强调结构、倒装句或句首时，一般用until。 ①She didnt go to bed until/till her mother returned. ＝It was not until her mother returned that she went to bed. ＝Not until her mother returned did she g