Runaway repeats force expansion of the Phytophthora infestans genome 英文参考文献.docVIP

Minireview Runaway repeats force expansion of the Phytophthora infestans genome Mark Gijzen Address: Agriculture and Agri-Food Canada, 1391 Sandford Street, London, Ontario N5V 4T3, Canada. Email: mark.gijzen@agr.gc.ca assume a close ancestry and to classify them together, as all textbooks did until recently. But it was also clear that oomycetes and fungi have fundamental differences, such as in the make-up of their cell walls, the flagellation of their spores and their methods of sexual reproduction. Abstract Sequencing of the genome of the potato late blight pathogen Phytophthora infestans provides insight into genome structure and evolution within this genus of plant pathogenic oomycetes. Parasitic organisms that rely on hosts to complete their life DNA-sequence-based phylogenies have drastically cycles face unstable and rapidly changing selective reorganized the classification of eukaryotes and deeply separated the fungal and oomycete lineages [2]. True fungi are unikonts (any flagellated cells have only one flagellum) and are related to animals, whereas oomycetes are hetero- konts (flagellated cells generally have two flagella, of different types) and belong to the chromalveolates. From a phylogenetic perspective the two groups of organisms are about as different as they could be (Figure 1). Despite this early bifurcation, which occurred at the initial stages of eukaryote radiation hundreds of millions of years ago, the fungi and the oomycetes have completed an evolutionary journey that has taken them to the same destination. This is especially true for the plant pathogenic types, which have grown to resemble each other in appearance and biology to a remarkable degree. Their filamentous and osmotrophic growth mode, with dissemination by spores, and their sub- specialization into necrotrophic, biotrophic and hemi- pressure