Science on the Rise in Developing Countries 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Science on the Rise in Developing Countries 英文参考文献.doc

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Science on the Rise in Developing Countries 英文参考文献

Essay Science on the Rise in Developing Countries Milena Holmgren* and Stefan A. Schnitzer K o? Annan, the Secretary- General of the United Nations, recently called attention unbalanced distribution of scienti?c activity generates serious problems not only for the scienti?c community in the developing countries, but for development itself.” Indeed, Mr. produced annually, with 36.6% and 37.5%, respectively, worldwide (UNESCO 2001). It is rather obvious that richer countries are able to invest more to the clear inequalities in science between developing and developed countries and to the challenges of building bridges across these gaps that should bring the United Nations and the world scienti?c community closer to each other (Annan 2003). Mr. Annan stressed the importance of reducing the inequalities in science between developed and developing countries, asserting that “This Annan’s sentiments have also been echoed recently by several scientists, who present overwhelming evidence for the disparity in scienti?c output between the developing and already developed countries (Gibbs 1995; May 1997; Goldemberg 1998; Riddoch 2000). For example, recent United Nations Educational, Scienti?c, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO) estimates (UNESCO 2001) indicate that, in 1997, the developed countries accounted for some 84% of the global investment in scienti?c research and development, had approximately 72% of the world researchers, and produced approximately 88% of all scienti?c and technical publications registered by the Science Citation Index (SCI). North America and Europe clearly dominate the number of scienti?c publications Copyright: ? 2004 Holmgren and Schnitzer.This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduc- tion in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Abbreviations: GDP, gross domestic product; ISI, Insti- tute for Scienti?c Informa