Social Environment Affects Acquisition and Color of Structural Nuptial Plumage in a Sexually Dimorphic Tropical Passerine 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Social Environment Affects Acquisition and Color of Structural Nuptial Plumage in a Sexually Dimorphic Tropical Passerine 英文参考文献.doc

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SocialEnvironmentAffectsAcquisitionandColorof StructuralNuptialPlumageinaSexuallyDimorphic TropicalPasserine RafaelMaia1,2,LuizaBrasileiro1,3,RobertoV.Lacava1,3,ReginaH.Macedo3* 1ProgramadePo′s-Graduac?a?oemEcologia,UniversidadedeBras?′lia,Bras?′lia,DF,Brazil,2DepartmentofBiology,IntegratedBioscienceProgram,TheUniversityofAkron, Akron,Ohio,UnitedStatesofAmerica,3Laborato′riodeComportamentoAnimal,DepartamentodeZoologia,UniversidadedeBras?′lia,Bras?′lia,DF,Brazil Abstract Structuralcolorsresultfromthephysicalinteractionoflightwithorganicmaterialsofdifferingrefractiveindexesorganized at nanoscale dimensions to produce significant interference effects. Because color properties emerge from these finely organized nanostructures, the production of structural coloration could respond to environmental factors and be developmentally more plastic than expected, functioning as an indicator of individual quality. However, there are many unknown factors concerning the function and mechanisms regulating structural coloration, especially relative to social environment. We hypothesized that social environment, in the form of competitive settings, can influence the developmentalpathwaysinvolvingproductionoffeatherstructuralcoloration.Weexperimentallyassessedtheimpactof socialenvironmentuponbodycondition,moltandspectralpropertiesoftwotypesofstructuralcolorthatcomposethe nuptialplumageinblue-blackgrassquits:blackiridescentplumageandwhiteunderwingpatches.Wemanipulatedmale social environmentduringninemonthsby keepingindividualsinthreetreatments:(1)pairs; (2)all-malegroups; and(3) male-femalemixedgroups.Allmorphologicalcharactersandspectralplumagemeasuresvariedsignificantlythroughtime, but only acquisition of nuptial plumage coverage and nuptial plumage color were influenced by social environment. Comparedwithmalesinthepairedtreatment,thoseintreatmentswithmultiplemalesmoltedintonuptialplumagefaster andearlier,andtheirplumagewasmoreUV-purple-shifted.Ourresultsprovideexperimentalevi