Squalene Emulsions for Parenteral Vaccine and Drug Delivery 英文参考文献.docVIP

Molecules 2009, 14, 3286-3312; doi:10.3390/moleculeOPEN ACCESS molecules ISSN 1420-3049 /journal/molecules Review Squalene Emulsions for Parenteral Vaccine and Drug Delivery Christopher B. Fox Infectious Disease Research Institute, 1124 Columbia St, Ste 400, Seattle, WA 98104, USA; E-mail: cfox@ Received: 13 August 2009; in revised form: 25 August 2009 / Accepted: 31 August 2009 / Published: 1 September 2009 Abstract: Squalene is a linear triterpene that is extensively utilized as a principal component of parenteral emulsions for drug and vaccine delivery. In this review, the chemical structure and sources of squalene are presented. Moreover, the physicochemical and biological properties of squalene-containing emulsions are evaluated in the context of parenteral formulations. Historical and current parenteral emulsion products containing squalene or squalane are discussed. The safety of squalene-based products is also addressed. Finally, analytical techniques for characterization of squalene emulsions are examined. Keywords: squalene; squalane; adjuvant; emulsion; parenteral 1. Introduction to Squalene and Emulsions Squalene is widely used for numerous vaccine and drug delivery emulsions due to its stability- enhancing effects and biocompatibility. Emulsions containing squalene facilitate solubilization, modified release, and cell uptake of drugs, adjuvants, and vaccines. Squalene and its hydrogenated form, squalane, have unique properties that are ideally suited for making stable and non-toxic nanoemulsions. Because of these characteristics, numerous squalene-based emulsions have been effectively developed for drug and vaccine applications. The chemical structure of squalene is that of a linear triterpene (Figure 1). The hydrocarbon composition of the molecule results in a highly hydrophobic nature; the calc