Statistics review 10 Further nonparametric methods 英文参考文献.docVIP

Critical Care June 2004 Vol 8 No 3 Bewick et al. Review Statistics review 10: Further nonparametric methods Viv Bewick1, Liz Cheek2 and Jonathan Ball3 1Senior Lecturer, School of Computing, Mathematical and Information Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK 2Senior Lecturer, School of Computing, Mathematical and Information Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK 3Senior Registrar in ICU, Liverpool Hospital, Sydney, Australia Corresponding author: Viv Bewick, v.bewick@brighton.ac.uk Published online: 16 April 2004 Critical Care 2004, 8:196-199 (DOI 10.1186/cc2857) This article is online at /content/8/3/196 ? 2004 BioMed Central Ltd Abstract This review introduces nonparametric methods for testing differences between more than two groups or treatments. Three of the more common tests are described in detail, together with multiple comparison procedures for identifying specific differences between pairs of groups. Keywords Friedman test, Jonckheere–Terpstra test, Kruskal–Wallis test, least significant difference Introduction The test statistic for one-way analysis of variance is The previous review in this series [1] described analysis of variance, the method used to test for differences between more than two groups or treatments. However, in order to use analysis of variance, the observations are assumed to have been selected from Normally distributed populations with equal variance. The tests described in this review require only limited assumptions about the data. calculated as the ratio of the treatment sum of squares to the residual sum of squares [1]. The Kruskal–Wallis test uses the same method but, as with many nonparametric tests, the ranks of the data are used in place of the raw data. This results in the following test statistic: 12 k R 2 j ∑ T = ?3(N+ 1) N(N+1) j=1 nj The Kruskal–Wallis test is the nonparametric alternative to one-way