Visual acuity in larval zebrafish behavior and histology 英文参考文献.docVIP

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Visual acuity in larval zebrafish behavior and histology 英文参考文献.doc

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Visual acuity in larval zebrafish behavior and histology 英文参考文献

Haugetal.FrontiersinZoology2010,7:8 /content/7/1/8 RESEARCH OpenAccess Visualacuityinlarvalzebrafish: behaviorandhistology MarionFHaug1,OliverBiehlmaier1,2,KasparPMueller1,StephanCFNeuhauss1* Abstract Background:Visualacuity,theabilityofthevisualsystemtodistinguishtwoseparateobjectsatagivenangular distance,isinfluencedbytheopticalandneuronalpropertiesofthevisualsystem.Althoughmanyfactorsmay contribute,theultimatelimitisphotoreceptorspacing.Ingeneral,atleastoneunstimulatedphotoreceptorflanked bytwostimulatedonesisneededtoperceivetwoobjectsasseparate.Thiscriticalintervalisalsoreferredtoasthe NyquistfrequencyandisaccordingtotheShannonsamplingtheoremthehighestspatialfrequencywherea patterncanbefaithfullytransmitted.Wemeasuredvisualacuityinabehavioralexperimentandcomparedthedata tothephysicallimitgivenbyphotoreceptorspacinginzebrafishlarvae. Results:Wedeterminedvisualacuitybyusingtheoptokineticresponse(OKR),reflexiveeyemovementsin responsetowholefieldmovementsofthevisualscene.Byalteringthespatialfrequencywedeterminedthevisual acuityatapproximately0.16cycles/degree(cpd)(minimumseparableangle=3.1°).Onhistologicalsectionswe measuredtheretinalmagnificationfactorandthedistancebetweendoublecones,thatarethoughttomediate motionperception.Thesemeasurementssetthephysicallimitat0.24cpd(2.1°). Conclusion:Themaximalspatialinformationaslimitedbyphotoreceptorspacingcannotbefullyutilizedina motiondependentvisualbehavior,arguingthatthelarvalzebrafishvisualsystemhasnotmaturedenoughto optimallytranslatevisualinformationintobehavior.Neverthelessbehavioralacuityisremarkableclosetoits maximalvalue,giventheimmaturestateofyoungzebrafishlarvae. Background activated receptors. Hence the critical frequency, also Thevisualsystemextractsopticalinformationfromthe referredtoasNyquistfrequency,atwhichthetwosepa- environment in order to adjust behaviors. One of the rate stimuli can be resolved, should not exceed 1/2 s, corepropertiesofanyvisualsystemistheabilitytodis- wheresstandsforphoto