Vitamin A Metabolism An Update 英文参考文献.docVIP

Nutrients 2011, 3, 63-103; doi:10.3390/nu3010063 OPEN ACCESS nutrients ISSN 2072-6643 /journal/nutrients Review Vitamin A Metabolism: An Update Diana N. D’Ambrosio ?, Robin D. Clugston ? and William S. Blaner * Department of Medicine and Institute of Human Nutrition, College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY 10032, USA; E-Mails: dd2244@ (D.N.D.); rdc2132@ (R.D.C.) ? These authors contributed equally to this work. * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: wsb2@; Tel.: +1-212-305-5429. Received: 26 November 2010; in revised form: 24 December 2010 / Accepted: 11 January 2011 / Published: 12 January 2011 Abstract: Retinoids are required for maintaining many essential physiological processes in the body, including normal growth and development, normal vision, a healthy immune system, normal reproduction, and healthy skin and barrier functions. In excess of 500 genes are thought to be regulated by retinoic acid. 11-cis-retinal serves as the visual chromophore in vision. The body must acquire retinoid from the diet in order to maintain these essential physiological processes. Retinoid metabolism is complex and involves many different retinoid forms, including retinyl esters, retinol, retinal, retinoic acid and oxidized and conjugated metabolites of both retinol and retinoic acid. In addition, retinoid metabolism involves many carrier proteins and enzymes that are specific to retinoid metabolism, as well as other proteins which may be involved in mediating also triglyceride and/or cholesterol metabolism. This review will focus on recent advances for understanding retinoid metabolism that have taken place in the last ten to fifteen years. Keywords: chylomicron; carotenoid; retinol-binding protein (RBP); lecithin:retinol acyltransferase (LRAT); hepatocyte; hepatic stellate cell; adipocyte Abbreviations: ABCA1: ATP-binding