Effects of Calcination Temperature and Acid-Base Properties on Mixed Potential Ammonia Sensors Modified by Metal Oxides.docVIP

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Effects of Calcination Temperature and Acid-Base Properties on Mixed Potential Ammonia Sensors Modified by Metal Oxides.doc

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Effects of Calcination Temperature and Acid-Base Properties on Mixed Potential Ammonia Sensors Modified by Metal Oxides

Sensors 2011, 11, 2155-2165; doi:10.3390/s110202155 OPEN ACCESS sensors ISSN 1424-8220 /journal/sensors Article Effects of Calcination Temperature and Acid-Base Properties on Mixed Potential Ammonia Sensors Modified by Metal Oxides Atsushi Satsuma 1,*, Makoto Katagiri 1, Shiro Kakimoto 2, Satoshi Sugaya 2 and Kenichi Shimizu 1,3 1 Graduate School of Engineering, Nagoya University, Nagoya 464-8603, Japan; E-Mails: katagiri.makoto@g.mbox.nagoya-u.ac.jp (M.K.); kshimizu@cat.hokudai.ac.jp (K.S.) 2 Engineering RD Group, RD Center, NGK Spark Plug Co. Ltd., Komaki 485-8510, Japan; E-Mails: s-kakimoto@mg.ngkntk.co.jp (S.K.); s-sugaya@mg.ngkntk.co.jp (S.S.) 3 Hokkaido University Catalysis Research Center, Sapporo 001-0021, Japan * Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; E-Mail: satsuma@apchem.nagoya-u.ac.jp; Tel.: +81-52-789-4608; Fax: +81-52-789-3193. Received: 24 December 2010; in revised form: 20 January 2011 / Accepted: 10 February 2011 / Published: 11 February 2011 Abstract: Mixed potential sensors were fabriated using yttria-stabilized zirconia (YSZ) as a solid electrolyte and a mixture of Au and various metal oxides as a sensing electrode. The effects of calcination temperature ranging from 600 to 1,000 °C and acid-base properties of the metal oxides on the sensing properties were examined. The selective sensing of ammonia was achieved by modification of the sensing electrode using MoO3, Bi2O3 and V2O5, while the use of WO3, Nb2O5 and MgO was not effective. The melting points of the former group were below 820 °C, while those of the latter group were higher than 1,000 °C. Among the former group, the selective sensing of ammonia was strongly dependent on the calcination temperature, which was optimum around melting point of the corresponding metal oxides. The good spreading of the metal oxides on the electrode is suggested to be one of the important factors. In the former group, the relative response of