Evolutionary origins of ultrasonic hearing and laryngeal echolocation in bats inferred from morphological analyses of the inner ear.docVIP

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Evolutionary origins of ultrasonic hearing and laryngeal echolocation in bats inferred from morphological analyses of the inner ear.doc

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Evolutionary origins of ultrasonic hearing and laryngeal echolocation in bats inferred from morphological analyses of the inner ear

Daviesetal.FrontiersinZoology2013,10:2 /content/10/1/2 RESEARCH OpenAccess Evolutionaryoriginsofultrasonichearingand laryngealecholocationinbatsinferredfrom morphologicalanalysesoftheinnerear KalinaTJDavies1*,IbnuMaryanto2andStephenJRossiter1* Abstract Introduction:Manymammalshaveevolvedhighlyadaptedhearingassociatedwithecologicalspecialisation.Of these,batspossessthewidestfrequencyrangeofvocalisationsandassociatedhearingsensitivities,with frequenciesofabove200kHzinsomelineagesthatuselaryngealecholocation.Highfrequencyhearinginbats appearstohaveevolvedviastructuralmodificationsoftheinnerear,however,studyingtheseminutefeatures presentsconsiderablechallengesandhithertofewsuchattemptshavebeenmade.Tounderstandthese adaptationsmorefully,aswellasgaininsightsintotheevolutionaryoriginsofultrasonichearingandecholocation inbats,weundertookmicro-computedtomography(μCT)scansofthecochleaeofrepresentativebatspeciesfrom 16families,encompassingtheirbroadrangeofecologicaldiversity.Tocharacterisecochleargrossmorphology,we measuredtherelativebasilarmembranelengthandnumberofturns,andcomparedthesevaluesbetween echolocatingandnon-echolocatingbats,aswellasothermammals. Results:Wefoundthathearingandecholocationcallfrequenciesinbatscorrelatedwithbothmeasuresof cochlearmorphology.Inparticular,relativebasilarmembranelengthwastypicallylongerinecholocatingspecies, andalsocorrelatedpositivelywiththenumberofcochlearturns.Ancestralreconstructionsoftheseparameters suggestedthatthecommonancestorofallextantbatswasprobablycapableofultrasonichearing;however,we alsofoundevidenceofasignificantdecreaseintherateofmorphologicalevolutionofthebasilarmembranein multipleancestralbrancheswithintheYangochiropterasuborder.WithintheecholocatingYinpterochiroptera,there wassomeevidenceofanincreaseintherateofbasilarmembraneevolutioninsometipsofthetree,possibly associatedwithreportedshiftsincallfrequencyassociatedwithrecentspeciationevents. Conclusions:Thetwomaingroupsofecholocatingbatwerefoundtodisplayhighlyvariable