句子成分和句型.ppt

[ 美丽人生 在于学习 ] 句子成分 句子由不同词类的单词，按照一定的语法规则组合在一起，能表达一个完整意思的语言单位叫句子。一个句子由各个功能不同的部分构成，这些部分叫做句子成分?(members of the sentence)。英语的句子成分有八种：主语、谓语动词、表语、宾语、定语、状语、主语补足语和宾语补足语。 主语 主语(subject)是句子所要说明的人或事物，是句子的主体。主语的位置通常在句首，一般不省略。 e.g. Walls have ears. To see is to believe. He is a superman. 谓语动词 谓语动词是说明主语的动作或状态的句子成分。谓语动词的位置一般在主语之后。 e.g. Actions speak louder than words. The chance may never come again. Tom was very sick at heart. 表语 表语（predicative）是用来说明主语的身份、特征和状态的，它的位置在系动词之后。 e.g. My father is a professor. Who’s that? It’s me. Everything here is dear to her. The match became very exciting. 宾语 宾语（object）表示动作的对象，是动作的承受者。 e.g. She covered her face with her hands. We haven’t seen her for a long time. Do you mind opening the window? Give me four please. We need to know what others are doing. 定语 定语（attribute）是修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子。单个词作定语时通常放在它所修饰的名词之前；短语和从句作定语时则放在它所修饰的名词之后。 e.g. They are woman workers. Tom’s father didn’t write home until yesterday. This is a small book. 状语 状语（adverbial）是修饰动词、形容词、副词等的句子成分。作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、分词及其短语、动词不定式及其短语、状语从句等。例如： e.g. These products are selling quickly. The best fish swim near the bottom. 好鱼居水底。(有价值的东西不能轻易得到) She sat there doing nothing. 宾语补足语和主语补足语 宾语和宾语补足语一起构成复合宾语。可以担当补足语的有名词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词等。例如： e.g. They elected me captain of the team. He made me ashamed of myself. I could feel my heart beating fast. 基本句型 所谓基本句型（basic sentence pattern）就是几种基本的谓语结构的格局；千变万化的句型都是由它们演变而来的。英语的基本句型有五种，即： 1. 主—系—表 2. 主—动 3. 主—动—宾 4. 主—动—宾—宾 5. 主—动—宾—宾补 主—动（SV） 此句型的谓语动词是不及物动词，常带有状语。例如： e.g. The fruit store has closed. They have been singing and dancing for two hours. The plane will take off soon. They will fly to London. 主—系—表（SVC） 此句型结构的谓语动词是由系动词担任，后接表语，也可称作补语。常用的系动词除be, become, look, seem, get, feel外，还有以下一些：grow, turn, remain, keep, smell, sound, tast