考研病理学笔记1(国外英文资料).docVIP

考研病理学笔记1(国外英文资料) Flow cytometry (FCM) : not only as a reference indicator for diagnosing malignancies, but also reflecting the malignancy and biological behavior of the tumor; It can also be used for the accurate subgroup analysis of lymphocytes of different functions, and it plays an important role in clinical immunological examination. 7, image analysis technology (image analysis) : mainly used in nuclear morphological parameters determination, for differentiation of benign and malignant tumors, the difference between cancer and precancerous lesions, tumor tissue pathological grading and prognosis, etc. 8, molecular biology technology, can be applied to genetic disease research and detection of pathogens and tumor etiology, pathogenesis, diagnosis and treatment of genes at the molecular level. The history of pathology Organ pathology Cell pathology Ultrastructural pathology Immunopathology, molecular pathology, genetic pathology, quantitative pathology. Chapter i. adaptation and injury of cells and tissues The first section ADAPTS to cells and their constituent tissues and organs The process of being able to survive through the stimulus of various harmful factors within and outside the environment is called adaptation. It is characterized by atrophy, hypertrophy, hyperplasia and metaplasia. Atrophy: a reduction in the volume of cells, tissues and organs that have developed normally. Physiological atrophy: many tissues and organs of the human body naturally atrophy with age. 2, the pathological atrophy: Benign shrinking: (1) nutrition can be divided into local nutrition not benign atrophy and systemic malnutrition atrophy, the latter such as hunger and malignant tumour cachexia. (2) atrophy of compression: renal atrophy caused by water accumulation in the renal pelvis. (3) waste loss: the contraction caused by the reduction of long-term working load. (4) neural atrophy: muscle atrophy caused by nerve damage. (5) secretion atrophy: adrenal atrophy caused by pituitar