国贸理论与政策New Trade Theory.ppt

* * Trade with Increasing Returns and Monopolistic Competition Home (capital abundant) Foreign (labor abundant) Manufactures Food Interindustry trade Intraindustry trade * * Main differences between interindustry and intraindustry trade: Interindustry trade reflects comparative advantage, whereas intraindustry trade does not. The pattern of intraindustry trade itself is unpredictable, whereas that of interindustry trade is determined by underlying潜在的 differences between countries. The relative importance of intraindustry and interindustry trade depends on how similar countries are. The difference between two patterns * * Ch.7 New Trade Theory Two sources of new trade theory Stylized facts Theory modified: relax assumption Imperfect competition, Economies of scale and international trade Trade based on dynamic technological differences Costs of transportation, environmental standards and international trade * * The product life-cycle theory The product life-cycle theory is an economic theory that was developed by Raymond Vernon in response to the failure of the Heckscher-Ohlin model to explain the observed pattern of international trade. The theory suggests that early in a products life-cycle all the parts and labor associated with that product come from the area in which it was invented. After the product becomes adopted and used in the world markets, production gradually moves away from the point of origin. In some situations, the product becomes an item that is imported by its original country of invention. A commonly used example of this is the invention, growth and production of the personal computer with respect to the United States. Raymond Vernon (1931-1999) Raymond Vernon, “International Investment and International Trade in the Product Life Cycle,” Quarterly Journal of Economics, LXXX (May 1966), pp. 190-207. * * The Product Cycle Model(1) introduction growth maturity decline * * The Product Cycle Model(2) t Net Ex Net Im O USA UK China Stag