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toxins Article Occurrence of Staphylococcus aureus on Farms with Small Scale Production of Raw Milk Cheeses in Poland Jolanta G. Rola *, Anna Czubkowska, Weronika Korpysa-Dzirba and Jacek Osek Department of Hygiene of Food of Animal Origin, National Veterinary Research Institute, 24-100 Pulawy, Poland; anna.czubkowska@piwet.pulawy.pl (A.C.); weronika.korpysa@piwet.pulawy.pl (W.K.-D.); josek@piwet.pulawy.pl (J.O.) * Correspondence: jolarola@piwet.pulawy.pl; Tel.: +48-81-889-31-83 Academic Editor: Yinduo Ji Received: 3 December 2015; Accepted: 22 February 2016; Published: 2 March 2016 Abstract: This paper describes the results of a 3-year study on the prevalence, enterotoxinogenicity and resistance to antimicrobials of S. aureus isolated on dairy farms with small scale production of raw cow milk cheeses. The samples of raw milk, semi-finished products and the final products as well as swabs were collected between 2011 and 2013 from nine dairy farms in Poland. A total of 244 samples were examined, of which 122 (50.0%) were contaminated with S. aureus including 18 of 26 (69.2%) mature cheese samples with log10 CFU g1 between 1- and 7.41. In swabs collected from the staff and production environment the highest contamination rate with coagulase positive staphylococci (CPS) was detected on hands of cheese makers (4.34 log10 CFU/swab). None of the cheese samples contaminated with CPS contained staphylococcal enterotoxins (SEs). However, 55 of 122 (45.1%) S. aureus isolates possessed SEs genes, mainly (26 of 55; 47.3%) a combination of the sed, sej and ser genes. Furthermore, the sep (15 of 55; 27.3%) as well as seg and sei (9 of 55; 16.4%) genes were also identified. The remaining S. aureus isolates possessed the sea gene (one isolate), the combination of sec, seg and sei (three isolates) as well as the sed, sej, sep and ser markers together (one CPS). Resistance to penicillin (62 of 122 isolates; 50