第十五 群体改良与轮回选择.ppt

Allelic Frequency in population Genotype Frequency: proportion or % of individuals with a specific genotype Hardy-Weinberg Law (1908) Helps to predict probable genetic structure of a population In it’s simplest form, the law states that 2 alleles, A and a, having frequencies p and q respectively, shall be represented in different genotypes with proportions equal to: Deriving H-W Equation Testing Equilibrium Testing Equilibrium Allele Frequency Calculation Population Statistics Genotypic Frequency: Selection for Recessive Traits 1. 概念 从某一群体中选择理想的个体； 当选个体间互交，促进基因和性状的重组，形成新的群体； 开始新的轮回选择周期，周而复始。 1）简单轮回选择 表现型轮回选择 改进的表型轮回选择 2）半同胞轮回选择 3）全同胞轮回选择 4）自交系间的轮回选择 （1）群体内改良的轮回选择 a 表现型轮回选择（Phenotypic Recurrent Selection） 选择果穗的混合群体，形成新的群体 对母本进行选择，天然授粉； 根据单株表现型进行周期性的选择 b 改进的表型轮回选择 等量种子混合，形成新的群体 自交后代互交 根据表现型选株自交 第一年 第二年 第三年 2、半同胞轮回选择（Half-sid Recurrent Selection） 半同胞轮回选择的常用方法是中选的植株和一个共同的测验种进行测交（测交后代组成半同胞家系），鉴定每一株半同胞后代的性状表现， 表现好的中选个体互交形成一个新的群体。 * 第十四章 群体改良和轮回选择 AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA AA f(AA)=1 Frequency AA AA AA AA aa aa Aa AA aa aa AA Aa aa n1 + n2 + n3 = N D H R f(AA) = n1/N = D f(Aa) = n2/N = H f(aa) = n3/N = R D+H+R=1 Aa Aa Aa p2 AA + 2pq Aa + q2 aa based on a specific set of assumptions A = p a = q A a A a p p q q AA p2 Aa pq Aa pq aa q2 AA Aa aa p2 + 2pq + q2 p = D + 1/2H N or 2D + H 2N Where: p = Proportion or frequency of allele ‘A’ D = # of homozygous dominant individuals H = # of heterozygous individuals N = Total population For allele A: q = R + 1/2H N or 2R + H 2N Where: q = Proportion or frequency of allele ‘a’ R = # of Homozygous recessive individuals H = # of heterozygous individuals N = Total population For allele ‘a’: Example: Resistant Moderate Susceptible 10 60 30 Genotypic freq 0.1 0.6 0.3 # f(A) = p = (2x10)+60 100x2 = 0.4 f(a) = q = (2x30)+60 100x2 = 0.6 p + q = 1 AA Aa aa Genotype Population not in H-W equilibrium will return to equilibrium after 1 generation of random mating: AA Aa aa AA