大学高级英语语法PPT第十六章.ppt

Chapter 16 Cohesion 本章学习重点： 篇章中句子之间的关系。了解句子连贯语篇逻辑的重要性，学会使用各种连句成篇的手段。 照应 替代 省略 16.0 Introduction What is text and what is a unified text? The term “text” refers to a unified passage. A text may be spoken or written, prose or verse, dialogue or monologue. A text is more a semantic unit than a grammatical unit. A text is realized by sentences that are woven into a semantically unified unit. A unified text is one that is not only structurally well-integrated but also semantically coherent. 16.0 Introduction Cohesion is a semantic concept referring to the relation of meaning within the text. Three major types of cohesive devices: -- reference照应 -- substitution替代 -- ellipses省略 e.g. A: Is John trying to enter Harvard Law School? B: No, I don’t believe he is. He hates lawyers. (reference: he=John) A:… B: No, I don’t think so. He hates lawyers. (substitution: so=that he is trying to enter …) A: … B: No, he isn’t. He hates lawyers. (ellipses: not = not trying to enter…) 16.1 Reference照应 In connected speech or writing, we often have items whose meaning we have to interpret with reference to something else in the context. Exophoric reference语外照应: reference to the nonlinguistic or situational context Endophoric reference语内照应: reference to the linguistic or textual context →two types of endophoric with regard to the direction that the reference points to in the text: anaphoric reference 前照应 cataphoric reference后照应 16.1 Reference照应 e.g. They are always raising the prices. (exophoric reference语外照应) Wow, you’ve got a huge house. I didn’t expect it to be so big. (anaphoric reference 前照应) Listen. This is what I want you to do now. Go back to your room, put away the toys, wash your hands and come back to the table in ten minutes. (cataphoric reference后照应) Reference can also be realized by a variety of pro-forms: reference by pronoun人称照应 reference by demonstratives指示照应 reference by comparison比较照应 16.1.1 reference by prono