语用学的课件.pptVIP

Pragmatics pragmatical 实用主义的pragmatics 语用论pragmatism 实用主义 威廉·莫里斯（Charles William Morris，1901—？）美国哲学家，现代“指号学”创始人之一。主要著作有《逻辑实证主义、实用主义和科学的经验主义》、《符号理论的基础》、《符号、语言和行为》、《人类价值种种》、《意谓和意义》等。他把实用主义和逻辑实证主义结合起来，提出“科学的经验主义 全名：鲁道夫·卡尔纳普（Rudolf Carnap，又译卡纳普，1891年5月18日-1970年9月14日）是20世纪著名的美国分析哲学家，生于德国。 The publication of Saussure’ s work Course in General Linguistics in the early 20th century marked the beginning if modern linguistics and at the same time laid the key note for modern linguistics studies. The international Journal of pragmatics came into being in 1977. The International Pragmatics Association (IPrA) has been existence since 1985. leech 是否涉及说话人或听话人 是否涉及说话人的意图或听话人的理解 是否涉及语境 是否涉及通过使用语言所实施的行为  Pragmatics is the branch of linguistics that deals with the meanings and effects which come from the use of language in particular situations. 《网络词典》wikipedia Pragmatics can be usefully defined as the study of how utterance have meanings in situations. Leech Pragmatics is the study of how more gets communicated than is said. Yule Definitions of pragmatics Pragmatics studies the factors that govern our choice of language in social interaction and the effects of our choice on others. Crystal 1987 There is a distinction between a hearer’s knowledge of the world. Blakemore 1992 Advantages Disadvantages One can talk about people’s intended meaning , their assumptions, their purposes or goals, and the kind of actions that they are performing when they speak. All these very human concepts are extremely difficult to analyze in a consistent and objective way. Semantics Pragmatics 句法学是双价的;语用学是三价的。 双价的：A意指B 三价的：说话人通过A意指B Dog 意指“一种犬科哺乳的动物” 说话人通过“dog”意指“小心！有狗” Donkey 亦可称ass “Janet！Donkeys!” Leech 1981年提出 Semantics Pragmatics 对意义的研究 没有第一层次的研究，很难进行第二层次的研究 语用意义不能脱离语言本身因有的内在意义 语义学是对语言