词汇学第四章word formation ppt.ppt

Chapter 4 Word Formation 4.1 Affixation What is affixation? It is the formation of words by adding word-formation or derivational affixes to bases. This process is also known as derivation, and words created in this way are called derivatives. According to the positions affixes occupy in words, affixation falls into two subcategories: prefixation and suffixation. 4.1.1 Prefixation Definition: it is the formation of new words by adding prefix to stems. Features: non-class changing Exceptions: class-changing prefixes In modern English, there are small part of prefixes that do change the part of speech, eg. a in asleep, en in encourage. Now look at the following words. Can you separate their prefixed from their root or stem? An example has been done for you. Word prefix root retell re tell ex-wife misleading multimedia automobile microcomputer vice-chairman Observe the words and their roots or stems, do you think every word enjoys the same part of speech with its root or stem? On semantic basis, prefixes are divided into ten groups: Negative Prefixes否定前缀 Reversative or privative prefixes逆反前缀 Pejorative prefixes贬义前缀 Prefixes of degree or size表范围和程度的前缀 Prefixes of orientation and attitude表方向和态度的前缀 Locative prefixes方位前缀 Prefixes of time and order表时间和顺序的前缀 Number prefixes数字前缀 Conversion prefixes转化前缀 Miscellaneous prefixes其他类型的前缀 4.1.2 Suffixation Definition: suffixation is the formation of new words by adding suffixes to stems. Features: unlike prefixes which primarily changes the meaning of the stem, suffixes have only a small semantic role, their primary function being to change the grammatical function of stems. In other words, they mainly change the word class. Classification: on a grammatical basis, suffixes are divided into noun suffixes, verb suffixes, adjective suffixes, etc. Word Part of speech suffix New word Part of speech teach v. -dom child n. -lity free adj.. -ese social adj. -ess interview v. -er teac