语言学概论chpt 4 syntax.ppt

Syntax;Pre-reading questions: Study the following sentences and pick out those incorrect ones.; Definition of Syntax;Main concerns of syntax;For example:;Representative Approaches ;Traditional Approach;Number;Gender;Lexical words indicating gender difference; Case;;英语中的case主要体现为人称代词，它可分为主格（Subjective Case）、宾格（Objective Case）和属格（Genitive Case）三种形式。 主格：I，you，he，she，it，we，you，they 宾格：me，you，him，her，it，us，you，them 属格：my，mine，your，yours，his，her，hers，its，our，ours，their，theirs 属格又可分为形容词性物主代词（my，your，his，her，its，our，their）和名词性物主代词（mine，yours，his，hers，ours，theirs）;Concord;Government;Transformational Syntax;Basics of Transformational grammar;Definition of Categories（范畴）;Word-level category;A list of word-level categories;;Classification of word-level categories;;Criteria of determining words category; To determine a word’s category, three criteria are usually employed, namely meaning, inflection and distribution. (Dai Weidong, 2002: 44) ; The meaning of each word categories have been shown in previous slides. But can we determine the category of every word only with this criterion (meaning)? love: a state of being(V)? or an idea(N)?; Thus, it’s often not reliable to determine a word’s category by its meaning only. Sometimes we have to resort to another criteria---inflection. Words of different categories take different inflections. E.g. Nouns ---- plural affix: –s Verbs ---- tense affix: –ed, -ing Adjectives---- -er and -est; Still there are some problems with the inflection criterion. *moistures, *fogs  *frequenter, *intelligentest. Hence the 3rd and most important criterion -distribution. Det + nouns: the girl, a card, Aux + verbs: should stay, will go, Deg +adjectives very cool, too bright.; To sum up, a word’s distributional facts together with information about its meaning and inflectional capabilities help identify its syntactic category.;Phrasal Category;Phrase structure rule;NP: (Det) N (PP)…