语言学课件4 Chapter Four Phonology.ppt

Chapter Four Phonology Teaching focus: 1.?????Phonology 2.?The distinction between phonetics and phonology 3.??Phone, phoneme, allophone and minimal pair 4.??????Contrast and complementary distribution 5.??????Free variation 6.??????Distinctive features 7.??????Some rules of phonology 8.??????Supra-segmental phonology 1. Introduction 1.1 Definition --- The study of the system and patterns of the speech sounds and how they work in the system of language. 1.2. The distinction between phonetics and phonology --- Phonetics and phonology both study the same aspect of language--- speech sounds, but they differ in their approach and focus. Phonetics --- of general nature, it is interested in speech sounds used in all human languages: how they are produced, how they differ from each other, what phonetic features they possess and how they can be classified The object is phone. Phonology--- is interested in the system of sounds of a particular language; it aims to discover how speech sounds in a language form patterns and how these sounds are used to convey meaning in linguistic communication. Its object is phoneme. 2. Phone/Phoneme/Allophone 2.1. Phone --- Phones can be simply defined as the speech sounds we use when speaking a language, that is, individual sounds as they occur in speech. Eg. leaf, feel, top, stop /l/. /i:/, /f/, /t/, /p/ are sounds, which are called ‘phones”. 2.2. Phoneme --- Phoneme is the smallest sound unit that can distinguish meaning. Phoneme is the basic unit of phonological study. eg. “Pan/ban” Phoneme is a unit of distinctive value. However, it is an abstract unit, i.e. it is not a sound, it is a collection of distinctive phonetic features. In actually uttered speech, a phoneme is realized phonetically as a certain phone. 2.3. Allophones A phoneme can be realized phonetically by one or more than one phone. The different phones which represent a phoneme in different phonetic environments are called the allophones of that phon