第二章原核微生物形态、构造及功能.ppt

* 细菌形态指细胞形态 * ◆Bacterial shape The Figure below shows four of the common and characteristic shapes of bacteria: cocci (spherical), rods, vibrio (comma shaped) and spiral. Cocci. The organism shown (top left) is Micrococcus luteus, which forms tetrads due to regular alternation of the plane of cell division. Micrococcus species are commonly associated with the skin. Staphylococcus species also are common on the skin, and S. aureus causes boils or, occasionally, more serious infections. Streptococcus species also are common but typically form chains of cells because they divide in a single plane. Streptococcus mutans commonly grows on tooth enamel and contributes to tooth decay (dental caries). Rods. The organism shown (top right) is Bacillus cereus, a common inhabitant of soil but also found on many food products. All Bacillus species produce endospores, seen in various stages of development in the photograph; eventually they are released when the cells lyse. B. cereus causes a relatively mild food poisoning, especially on reheated fried rice in take-away food outlets. The spores can resist destruction during cooking and can then germinate if the cooked food is not refrigerated. Two toxins are formed: one is heat-stable, is produced during sporulation and causing vomiting; the other is heat-labile, is produced during exponential growth and causes diarrhoea.Vibrio. The organism shown (bottom left) is Vibrio alginolyticus, an agar-degrading species found in marine environments. The organisms in the photograph are clustered together in an extracellular polysaccharide (slime) that they synthesized, and many of them are dividing so they are seen in pairs. The best-known species of Vibrio is V. cholerae which causes cholera, a severe diarrhoeal disease resulting from a toxin produced by bacterial growth in the gut. Spiral. The organism shown (bottom right) is a species of Rhodospirillum, one of the purple non-sulphur bacteria (see Winogradsky column). Typically, these