理工职场英语听力原文和翻译.docVIP

Unit one P4 , section b Interviewer: How is RD activity measured and compared? Expert: Well, there are various measures. Some analysts compare the budgets—both from government and from the private sector —that are available to RD establishments. Interviewer: So, the larger the budget, the higher the level of RD activity. Expert: Right. Others take into account the number of new patents that are filed and obtained by a company over a given time period. A third indicator that is sometimes used is the number and the frequency of publications—especially peer-reviewed publications—that are produced by a research organization. Interviewer: What, in your opinion, is the best measure of RD activity? Expert: Well, to my mind, perhaps the best indicator is the percentage of revenues that a company spends on RD each year. This is sometimes referred to as RD intensity. Interviewer: Why is this a good indicator of RD activity? Expert: Well, there are three reasons. Firstly this ratio—the percentage of revenue that is spent on RD—is information that is regularly updated, secondly, this information is available to the public, and thirdly it reflects business risk. Interviewer: Risk? Expert: Yes. The extent to which a company is prepared to “gamble” on the future success of the products it is developing 面试官:研发活动是如何衡量和比较的? 专家:嗯，有各种各样的措施。一些分析师比较 来自政府和私营部门的预算 -这是研发机构所能得到的。 所以，预算越高，研发的水平就越高 活动。 专家:对。其他人则将新专利的数量考虑在内 这是一家公司在给定的时间内提交并获得的 时期。有时使用的第三个指标是数字 公共场合的频率特别是同行评议的频率 这是由一个研究机构生产的。 面试官:在你看来，什么才是研发的最佳衡量标准? 活动? 专家:嗯，在我看来，也许最好的指示器是 公司在研发上投入的百分比 的一年。这有时被称为研发强度。 为什么这是一个很好的研发活动的指标? 专家:嗯，有三个原因。首先这个比率 用于研发的收入的百分比是信息 这是定期更新的，第二，这些信息是可用的 对公众来说，第三点反映了商业风险。 面试官:风险? 专家:是的。公司准备在多大程度上准备 对未来产品的成功进行“赌博”  P4,section E Interviewer: So how much do companies spend on RD? That is, what sort of RD intensity rates do we see, for example, in a typical U.S. manufacturing company? Ex