高中英语语法系统讲解之四形容词和副词.doc

形容词和副词 形容词 一. 形容词的语法功能 形容词用来修饰名词或代词，表示人或事物的性质、状态或特征。在句中作定语、表语、宾语补足语以及状语。形容词前加定冠词the，相当于一个名词。 如He is a young Russian soldier. The film is interesting. He likes to paint the wall pink. Lucy came to the party, happy. The blind are taught how to do the work. 温馨提示：1. 有些形容词通常作表语和补语，不能像普通形容词那样作前置定语，这样的形容词称为表语形容词。如alive, alone, asleep, alike, afraid, awake, ashamed, able, sure, ill, worth等；其作定语时后置。 2. 有些形容词只能作定语，不能作表语，这样的形容词称为定语形容词，如golden, wooden, silken, live, elder, former, latter, front, back, outer等 二. 形容词的分类 1. 性质形容词 外观：long, strong, big, round, fat, beautiful, old等 性质：good, clean, new, fresh, soft, excellent等 颜色：red, black, green, blue, white, brown等 情绪：happy, sad, sorry, nervous, anxious等 性格：kind, cruel, honest, foolish, lazy, rude等 状况：careful, blind, deaf, cheap, hungry等 评论：great, true, necessary, difficult, wrong等 2. 关系形容词 地域：Chinese, American, Asian, Pacific等 质料：wooden, golden, plastic, metallic等 科技：electric, chemical, atomic, medical等 意识：communist, social, political, religious等 行业：industrial, agricultural, economic, military等 三. 形容词在句中的位置 1. 单个形容词作定语时，一般放在被修饰的名词之前；两个或两个以上的形容词修饰一个名词时，同种类形容词的排列顺序一般应考虑以下两种情况： 和被修饰的名词关系比较密切的形容词位置更靠近名词。 如Jane Fyre is a moving English novel. 音节少的形容词在前，音节多的形容词在后。如I have a small but beautiful room. 不同种类的词同时出现在名词前作定语时，按以下顺序进行排列：冠词→限定副词→描绘性形容词→大小、长短、高低→形状→年龄、新旧→颜色→国籍、地区、出处→物质材料→用途、类别 + 名词。可归纳为：限定描绘大、长、高，形状年龄和新老，颜色国籍出材料，作用类别往后靠。 如The old lady wants to buy a beautiful red Chinese silk dress for her daughter as a present. Tom likes that big blue plastic pencil box his brother gave him. Our first few short English lessons were not difficult. They bought a charming big round new black French wooden writing desk last year. 2. 单个形容词作定语时，在下列情况之下，形容词应放在被修饰的词之后。 形容词修饰不定代词something，nothing，anything等时应后置。 如I have something important to tell you. There is nothing dangerous here. 形容词修饰表示度量的名词应后置。如The building is seventeen store