Atkins’PhysChem 07-3 08-1.pptVIP

Chapter 7 7.5 Colligative properties Colligative properties literally denotes properties which depend on a collection of particles 7.5 Colligative properties Two important Assumptions: (a)The common features of colligative properties All colligative properties result from lowering of the chemical potential of the solvent from the presence of a solute. (a) The common features of colligative properties What causes the lowering of chemical potential of a liquid? Solvents, Solutes and Entropy There is no direct effect of the solute on the chemical potential of the solvent vapour, since solute is neither in vapour nor solid. Solvents, Solutes and Entropy (a) Solution with entropy S pA*, vapour pressure reflects tendency to greater S (b) The elevation of boiling point Heterogeneous eqm: between solvent in solution and solvent vapour at 1 atm, where solvent is A and solute is B (involatile) (b) The elevation of boiling point Justification of eqn ΔT = KxB (b) The elevation of boiling point In ΔT = KxB, the identity of solute is irrelevant: just the mole fraction is important, so boiling point elevation is a colligative property. (c) The depression of freezing point Heterogeneous eqm: pure solid solvent A and solution with solute present in mole fraction xB. At the freezing point: (c) The depression of freezing point Larger depressions are observed for solvents with low ΔfusH and high melting points. (d) Solubility Solubility is not perfectly colligative, but may be estimated from the same techniques we’ve been discussing - highly questionable approximations (d) Solubility What mole fraction of B is in solution at T ? (d) Solubility (e) Osmosis There are many times in nature when a solvent will pass spontaneously through a semipermeable membrane, a membrane permeable the the solvent but not to the solute. (e) Osmosis Eqm is established when the hydrostatic pressure of the solution in the column