人 文 地 理(3轮)12.1概要1.pptVIP

第十二章 政治地理Political Geography Political geography is the study of the organization and distribution of political phenomena, including their impact on other spatial components of society and culture. 第十二章 政治地理Political Geography 1. National Political Systems One of the most significant elements in human geography is the nearly complete division of the earth’s land surface into separate national units. Before we begin our consideration of political systems, we need to clarify some terminology. 第十二章 政治地理Political Geography States,Nations, and Nation-States A state can be defined as either(1)any of the political units forming a federal government (e.g.,one of the United States) or as (2) a recognized independent political entity holding sovereignty over a territory(e.g., the United States). In this latter sense, state is synonymous with country or nation. 第十二章 政治地理Political Geography A nation can also be defined as (1) an independent political unit holding sovereignty over a territory(e.g.,a member of the United Nations).(2)a community of people with a common ancestry, culture, and territory(e.g., the Kurdish nation). The latter is not synonymous with state or country. 第十二章 政治地理Political Geography To avoid confusion, we shall define a state on the international level as an independent political unit occupying a defined, permanently populated territory and having full sovereign control over its internal and foreign affairs. We will use country as a synonym for the territorial and political concept of “state”. 第十二章 政治地理Political Geography A nation is a group of people with a common culture occupying a particular territory, bound together by a strong sense of unity arising from shared beliefs and customs. The composite term nation-state properly refers to a state whose territorial extent coincides with that occupied by a distinct nation or people or, at least, whose population shares a general sense of cohesion and adherence to a set of common values. 第十二章 政治地理Polit