微生物感染的药物治疗-1医学课件.pptxVIP

微生物感染的药物治疗-1;抗菌药物的辉煌发展史;S. A. Waksman （1888-1973 ），1952;他们更应被铭记---;入侵机体的病原体及化学治疗;化学治疗药物分类;抗菌药物研究内容 ;机体、病原体、抗微生物药之间的关系;第１节 常用术语;常用术语;常用术语;常用术语;常用术语;常用术语;第2节 抗菌药物的作用机制;第3节 细菌耐药性 ; The post-antibiotic era is near, according to a report released today by the World Health Organization (WHO). The decreasing effectiveness of antibiotics and other antimicrobial agents is a global problem, and a surveillance system should be established to monitor it, the group says. There is nothing hopeful in the WHOs report, which pulls together data from 129 member states to show extensive resistance to antimicrobial agents in every region of the world. Overuse of antibiotics in agriculture — to promote livestock growth — and in hospitals quickly leads to proliferation of drug-resistant bacteria, which then spread via human travel and poor sanitation practices. “A post-antibiotic era — in which common infections and minor injuries can kill — far from being an apocalyptic fantasy, is instead a very real possibility for the twenty-first century,” writes Keiji Fukuda, WHO assistant director-general for health security, in a foreword to the report. Perhaps the most worrying trend is the spread of resistance to carbapenems, the antibiotics of last resort, says Timothy Walsh, a medical microbiologist at Cardiff University, UK, who was an adviser for the report. “That’s taken us by surprise,” he says. “All of us are rather like rabbits in front of the headlights in how quickly this has taken off.” The report finds that, in some areas of the world, more than half the infections caused by one major category of bacteria — Gram-negative, which includes?Escherichia coli?and?Klebsiella pneumoniae— involve species resistant to carbapenem drugs. There are few if any replacements for carbapenems in development, says Elizabeth Jungman, director of drug safety and innovation at the Pew Charitable Trusts in Washington DC. Companies lack economic incentives to