生物学导论biology7.ppt

Types of RNA produced by transcription mRNA is a mature, straight-chain copy of a gene that describe the exact sequence on which amino acids should be bonded together to form a polypeptide tRNA is responsible for picking up particular amino acids and transferring them to the ribosome for assembly into the polypeptide Types of RNA produced by transcription rRNA is a highly coiled molecule and is used, along with protein molecules, in the manufacture of all ribosomes. The cytoplasmic (细胞质的) organelles where tRNA, mRNA, and rRNA come together to help in the synthesis of protein Eukaryotic transcription A eukaryotic gene begins with a promoter region and an initiation code and ends with a termination code and region RNA polymerase synthesizes a strand of pre-mRNA (mRNA 前体) that initially include copies of both exons (外显子, meaningful) and introns (内含子, meaningless) Eukaryotic transcription 7.5 Translation or protein synthesis The information is used to assemble amino acids into proteins by a process called translation (转译) The word translation refers to the fact that nucleic acid language is being changed to protein language. The protein language has 20 words in the form of 20 common amino acids (table 7.1) Translation or protein synthesis The construction site of the protein molecules is on the ribosome, a cellular organelle that serves as the meeting place for mRNA and the tRNAs that carry amino acid building blocks Ribosomes can be found free in cytoplasm (细胞质) or attached to the ER (endoplasmic reticulum) Protein synthesis Protein synthesis – 5 steps mRNA, tRNA, and rRNA are manufactured mRNA enters the cytoplasm and attached to rRNA-containing ribosomes tRNA molecules carry various amino acids to the ribosome and specific positions The amino acids are combined by dehydration synthesis to form a protein When complete, the mRNA and tRNA are released from the ribosome to be reused to synthesize other protein molecules 7.6 Alternations of DNA Mutation Any change in DNA