生理学双语课件-代谢系统.ppt

During exercise, the heat produced by muscular contraction accumulates in the body, and the rectal temperature normally rises as high as 40 °C (104 °F). This rise is due in part to the inability of the heat-dissipating 散热mechanisms to handle the greatly increased amount of heat produced, but there is evidence that in addition there is an elevation of the body temperature at which the heat- dissipating mechanisms are activated during exercise . Body temperature also rises slightly during emotional excitement, probably owing to uncoscious tensing of the muscles. It is chronically elevated by as much as 0.5 °C when the metabolic rate is high, as in hyperthyroidism, and lowered when the metabolic rate is low, as in hypothyroidism. Some apparently normal adults chronical have a temperature above the normal range (constitutional hyperthermia). 二、体热平衡 产热=散热 体温维持不变 产热量散热量，体温升高 产热量散热量,体温下降 (一）产热过程 人在寒冷环境中主要依靠寒战来增加产热量。寒战是骨骼肌发生不随意的节律性收缩的表现。寒战前肌紧张 肾上腺素和去甲肾上腺素可使产热量迅速增加；甲状腺激素则使产热缓慢增加。 243.3-244.5 A variety of basic chemical reaction contribute to body heat production at all times. Ingestion of food increases heat production because of the specific dynamic action of the food ,but the major source of heat is the contraction skeletal muscle. Heat production can varied by endocrine mechanisms in the absence food intake or muscular exertion. Epinephrine and norepinephrine produce a rapid but short-lived increase in heat production; thyroid hormones produce a slowly developing but prolonged increase. Furthermore, sympathetic discharge is decreased during fasting and increased by feeding. A source of considerable heat, particularly in infants, is brown fat .This fat has high rate of metabolism, and its thermogenic function has been likened to that of an electric blanket. （二）散热过程人体的主要散热部位是皮肤。当环境温度低于体温时，大部分的体热通过皮肤的辐射、传导和对流 散热。一部分热量通过蒸发来散发。 1．辐射、传导和对流散热辐射（radiation）散热这是机体以热射线的形式将热量传给外界较冷物体的散热方式。 传导（conduction）散热：是机体的热量直接传给同它接触的较冷物体的散热方式。 对流（convect