第1章轴向拉伸与压缩.DOC

第1章 轴向拉伸与压缩 Chapter 1 Axial Tension and Compression 轴向拉伸与压缩的概念Fig. 1.1 the axial tension and compression stress and deformation diagram 轴向拉伸：杆的变形是轴向伸长，横向缩短。 Axial tension ：Deformation of the rod is axial elongation and lateral shortening. 轴向压缩：杆的变形是轴向缩短，横向变粗。 Axial compression：Deformation of the rod is axial shortening and lateral enlargement. 1.2、的内力force, the axial force diagram of Axial tension and compression （1）内力Internal force：Internal force is the resultant of internal forces, which is acting mutually between two neighbour parts inside the body,caused by the external forces. 内力的计算是分析构件强度、刚度、稳定性等问题的基础。求内力的一般方法是截面法。 Calculation of the internal forces is the foundation to analyze the problems of strength、rigidity、stability etc. The general method to determine internal forces is the method of section. （2）截面法的基本步骤： ① 截开：在所求内力的截面处，假想地用截面将杆件一分为二。 ② 代替：任取一部分，其弃去部分对留下部分的作用，用作用在截开面上相应的内力（力或力偶）代替。 ③ 平衡：对留下的部分建立平衡方程，根据其上的已知外力来计算杆在截开面上的未知内力（此时截开面上的内力对所留部分而言是外力）。 Basic steps of the method of section： ① Cut off：Assume to separate the rod into two distinct parts in the section in which the internal forces are to be determined. ②Substitute：Take arbitrary part and substitute the action of another part on it by the corresponding internal force in the cut-off section. ③Equilibrium：Set up equilibrium equations for the remained part and determine the unknown internal forces according to the external forces acted on it.（Here the internal forces in the cut-off section are the external forces for the remained part） （3）轴力N的正负号规定N 与外法线同向，为正轴力(拉力)，N 与外法线反向，为负轴力(压力) Sign conventions for the axial force: axial force N (tensile force)is positive when its direction point to the outward direction of the normal line of the section, (compressive force)negative inward （4）轴力图—— N (x) 的图象表示。①反映出轴力与横截面位置变化关系，较直观；②确定出最大轴力的数值及其所在横截面的位置，即确定危险截面位置，为强度计算提供依据。 Diagram of the axial force— sketch expression of N (x). ①Reflected the variety relation between the corresponding axial force and the