北医本科课件《生物化学》30.4 Fuel choice.pdfVIP

30.4 FUEL CHOICE DURING EXERCISE IS DETERMINED BY INTENSITY AND DURATION OF ACTIVITY The fuels used in anaerobic exercises—sprinting, for example—differ from those used in aerobic exercises—such as distance running. The selection of fuels during these different forms of exercise illustrates many important facets of energy transduction and metabolic integration. ATP directly powers myosin, the protein immediately responsible for converting chemical energy into movement (Chapter 34). However, the amount of ATP in muscle is small. Hence, the power output and, in turn, the velocity of running depend on the rate of ATP production from other fuels. As shown in Table 30.3, creatine phosphate (phosphocreatine) can swiftly transfer its high-potential phosphoryl group to ADP to generate ATP (Section 14.1.5). However, the amount of creatine phosphate, like that of ATP itself, is limited. Creatine phosphate and ATP can power intense muscle contraction for 5 to 6 s. Maximum speed in a sprint can thus be maintained for only 5 to 6 s (see Figure 14.7). Thus, the winner in a 100-meter sprint is the runner who slows down the least. A 100-meter sprint is powered by stored ATP, creatine phosphate, and anaerobic glycolysis of muscle glycogen. The conversion of muscle glycogen into lactate can generate a good deal more ATP, but the rate is slower than that of phosphoryl-group transfer from creatine phosphate. During a ～10-second sprint, the ATP level in muscle drops from 5.2 to 3.7 mM, and that of creatine phosphate decreases from 9.1 to 2.6 mM. The essential role of anaerobic glycolysis is manifested in the elevation of the blood-lactate level from 1.6 to 8.3 mM. The release of H^ from the intensely active muscle concomitantly lowers the blood pH from 7.42 t