四激光振荡特性.pptVIP

第四章 激光振荡特性 讨论激光器的振荡条件、激光形成过程、模竞争效应、激光输出功率或能量、弛豫振荡效应等基本特性。 基本处理方法：速率方程近似及工作物质增益饱和 激光器按泵浦方式可分为连续激光器(CW—continuous wave/laser )和脉冲激光器(pulsed laser)两大类。 前者，激光工作物质的激励和相应的激光输出，在一段较长的时间内以连续的方式进行 后者，激励和相应的激光输出，从时间上呈现出脉冲的过程 以三能级系统红宝石的激励过程为例 粒子数密度为n的红宝石被一矩形脉冲激励光照射，激励几率 ，求n2(t)？ S32W13 n3?0 一 激光器的振荡阈值(threshold) Operation at threshold 阈值反转集居数密度 阈值增益系数 连续或长脉冲激光器的阈值泵浦功率 短脉冲激光器的阈值泵浦能量 阈值反转集居数密度(population inversion density at threshold) 能否产生振荡，取决于增益与损耗的大小。 谐振腔的长度L往往大于工作物质的长度l，假设谐振腔中光束体积为VR，工作物质中的光束体积为Va，谐振腔中折射率均匀分布，则第l个模式的光子数密度方程 当 时，腔内辐射场可由微弱的自发辐射场增长为足够强的受激辐射场。 考虑到在阈值附近腔内光强很弱，相当于小信号情况，得出自激振荡的阈值条件为 2 阈值增益系数 3 连续（或长脉冲）激光器的阈值泵浦功率 (pump threshold) For a four-level laser, the feature characterizing this laser is that the separation E1 of the terminal laser level from the ground state is large enough that at the temperature T at which the laser is operated, E1 kT. This guarantees that the thermal equilibrium population of level 1 can be neglected. If, in addition, the lifetime t1 of atoms in level 1 is short compared to t2, we can neglect N1 compared to N2 and the threshold condition is satisfied when N2?Nt. Therefore, laser oscillation begins when the upper laser level acquires, by pumping, a population density equal to the threshold value Nt. A three-level laser is one in which the lower laser level is either the ground state or a level whose separation E1 from the ground state is small compared to kT, so that at thermal equilibrium a substantial fraction of the total population occupies this level. At a pumping level that is strong enough to create a population N2=N1=N0/2 in the upper laser level, the optical gain is zero. To satisfy the oscillation condition the pumping rate has to be further increased until 4 短脉冲激光器的阈值泵浦能量 四能级激光器与三能级激光器的比较 三能级系统所需的阈值能量比四能级系统大得多：四能级系统的激光下能级为激发态，n1?0，只须把?nt个粒子激励到E2能级就可使增益克服腔的损耗而产生激光；在三能级系统中，激光下能级是基态, 至少要将n/2个粒子激励到E2能级才能形成粒子数反转 三能级系统激光器中光腔损耗?的大小对光泵阈值能量（功率）的影响不大。 四