yale的知识管理讲座4.PPTVIP

KM Lecture 4 - Game Theory Yale M. Braunstein Introduction to Game Theory General approach Brief History of Game Theory Payoff Matrix Types of Games Basic Strategies Evolutionary Concepts Limitations and Problems Brief History of Game Theory 1913 - E. Zermelo provides the first theorem of game theory; asserts that chess is strictly determined 1928 - John von Neumann proves the minimax theorem 1944 - John von Neumann Oskar Morgenstern write Theory of Games and Economic Behavior” 1950-1953 - John Nash describes Nash equilibrium Rationality Assumptions: humans are rational beings humans always seek the best alternative in a set of possible choices Why assume rationality? narrow down the range of possibilities predictability Utility Theory Utility Theory based on: rationality maximization of utility may not be a linear function of income or wealth It is a quantification of a persons preferences with respect to certain objects. Game Theory Finding acceptable, if not optimal, strategies in conflict situations. Abstraction of real complex situation Game theory is highly mathematical Game theory assumes all human interactions can be understood and navigated by presumptions. Why is game theory important? All intelligent beings make decisions all the time. AI needs to perform these tasks as a result. Helps us to analyze situations more rationally and formulate an acceptable alternative with respect to circumstance. Useful in modeling strategic decision-making Games against opponents Games against nature Types of Games Sequential vs. Simultaneous moves Single Play vs. Iterated Zero vs. non-zero sum Perfect vs. Imperfect information Cooperative vs. conflict Zero-Sum Games The sum of the payoffs remains constant during the course of the game. Two sides in conflict Being well informed always helps a player Non-zero Sum Game The sum of payoffs is not constant during the course of game play. Players may co-operate or compete Being well informed may harm a player. Gam