物质结构与性质知识点（Knowledge of material structure and nature）.doc

物质结构与性质知识点（Knowledge of material structure and nature） Summary of material structure and properties Atomic structure and properties. To understand the state of electron motion outside the nucleus, to understand the meaning of electron cloud, electron layer (energy layer), atomic orbital (energy level). The density of electron cloud: with a small black spots in the presence of an outer space to describe the electronic called electronic cloud opportunity income to the size of the graphics. The nearer the nuclear, electronic opportunity big, electron cloud density is larger; The further away from the nucleus, the smaller the electron, the smaller the electron cloud density. Shell (layer) : according to the electronic energy difference and the main movement area, extranuclear electron respectively in different shell. Atoms from the inside to the outside the corresponding shell symbol K, L, M, N, O, P, Q. Atomic orbitals (level of) : in the same shell outside the nucleus of electrons, can be in different types of atomic orbit, with s, p, d, f different shaped orbit, spherical with s, p in spindle, d and f orbits is relatively complex. The track number followed by the stretching direction of 1, 3, 5, 7. 2. (construction principle) In this paper, we can understand the principle of the separation of nuclear electron layers in multi-electron atoms, and can be used to represent the arrangement of electron configuration in the nucleus of 1 ~ 36. (1). An outer electron movement characteristics of the shell can be used, atomic orbitals (layer) and to describe the spin direction. In contains multiple atoms extranuclear electron, there is no motion state exactly the same two electrons. (2) principle of electron configuration outside atomic nuclei. The lowest principle electrons occupy low energy orbitals and then go into high energy. The Pauli exclusion principle holds the maximum number of electrons in each orbit for two spins. When the hont rules are arranged in the same orbital