生物总结（Biological summary）.docVIP

生物总结（Biological summary） The first DNA is the main genetic material 1. Transformation of pneumococcus pneumoniae (1) transformation of the body: in 1928, by the British scientist Griffith et al. Conclusion: there is a conversion factor in s-type bacteria, which can transform r-type bacteria into s-type bacteria. (2) in vitro transformation experiment: in 1944, by American scientist Avery et al. Conclusion DNA is a genetic material 2. Experiments on bacteriophage infection of bacteria. Conclusion: DNA is a genetic material The vast majority of organisms (cellular structures and DNA viruses) have the genetic material of DNA, so DNA is the main genetic material. Section 2 structure of DNA molecules The structure of a DNA molecule 1. Chemical structure: deoxyribonucleotide is connected to the deoxynucleotide chain. Phosphorus and sugar are skeletons, bases. 2. Spatial structure: double helix of rules (double stranded spiral structure, opposite polarity) 3. Structural features: the stability: the lateral is the phosphoric acid and deoxyribose connection, the base a-t, c-g pairing. Diversity: base pairs vary in sequence, hundreds of thousands. Specificity: each species has a specific base arrangement. 2. Related calculation (1) A = T C = G (2) (A + C)/(T + G) = 1 or A + G/T + C = 1 (3) if (A1 + C1)/(T1 + G1) = b then (A2 + C2)/(T2 + G2) = 1 / b (4) (A + T)/(C + G) = (A1 + T1)/(C1 + G1) = (A2 + T2)/(C2 + G2) = A 3. Determine the type of nucleic acid (1) if there is no T, then this nucleic acid is RNA; (2) if there is T and A = T C = G, then double stranded DNA; (3) if there is T and A does not equal T C, then it is single stranded DNA; (4) both U and T are in the transcription stage. Section 3. DNA replication Experimental evidence of DNA semi-retained replication. Conclusion: DNA molecule replication is semi-retained. The process of DNA replication 1. Time: intersecessionist and meiotic interphase 2. Conditions: template - DNA double strand raw materials - four free deoxy