Principal Stresses TERRAPUB（主要强调TERRAPUB）.pdfVIP

Chapter 4 Principal Stresses Anisotropic stress causes tectonic deformations. Tectonic stress is defined in an early part of this chapter, and natural examples of tectonic stresses are also presented. 4.1 Principal stresses and principal stress axes Because of symmetry (Eq. (3.32)), the stress tensor r has real eigenvalues and mutually perpendicu- lar eigenvectors. The eigenvalues are called the principal stresses of the stress. The principal stresses are numbered conventionally in descending order of magnitude, σ ≥ σ ≥ σ , so that they are the 1 2 3 maximum, intermediate and minimum principal stresses. Note that these principal stresses indicate the magnitudes of compressional stress. On the other hand, the three quantities S1 ≥ S2 ≥ S3 are the principal stresses of S, so that the quantities indicate the magnitudes of tensile stress. The orientations defined by the eigenvectors are called the principal axes of stress or simply stress axes, and the orientation corresponding to the principal stress, e.g., σ is called the σ -axis (Fig. 4.1). 1 1 Principal planes of stress are the planes parallel to two of the stress axes, or perpendicular to one of the stress axes. Deformation is driven by the anisotropic state of stress with a large difference of the principal stresses. Accordingly, the diff erential stress ΔS = S − S , Δσ = σ − σ 1 3 1 3 1 is defined to indicate the difference . Taking the axes of the rectangular Cartesian coordinates O-123 parallel to the stress axes, a stress tensor is expressed by