Principles of Turbomachinery New Age （涡轮机械原理新时代）.pdfVIP

11 Principles of Turbomachinery 1.1 TURBOMACHINE While discussing the minimal number of components needed to constitute a heat engine [16], it was mentioned that mechanical energy output is obtained from an expander (work output device), whereas mechanical energy input to the system is due to a pump or a compressor which raises the pressure of the working fluid, a liquid or a gas. Both the expander and the pump (or compressor), are devices which provide work output or accept work input to affect a change in the stagnation state (Sec. 1.3) of a fluid. These devices are often encountered as parts of heat engines, though they can function independently as well. The principles of operation of both a work output device (e.g., an internal combustion engine of the reciprocating type) and a work input device (the reciprocating air-compressor [16]), have already been studied. In addition to these two types, there exist other devices which are invariably of the rotary1 type where energy transfer is brought about by dynamic action, without an impervious boundary that prevents the free flow of a fluid at any time. Such devices are called turbomachines. The turbomachine is used in several applications, the primary ones being electrical power generation, aircraft propulsion and vehicular propulsion for civilian and military use. The units used in power generation are steam, gas and hydraulic turbines, ranging in capacity from a few kilowatts to several hundred and even thousands of megawatts, depending on the application. Here, the turbomachine drives the alternator at the appropriate speed to produce pow