国家概况fallromemidages.pptVIP

* * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * * William of Normandy helped make England what it is today and codified feudalism (gave it the force of law). Crusades The Crusades were a series of battles between Christians and Muslims in the Middle East. Christian knights wanted to take the Holy Land and give it back to Christians Why was Constantinople so important geographically? Crusades Thousands of knights and “barbarian” soldiers united under Christianity attacked Muslims and Jews in Turkey and Jerusalem to gain the land for Christians. Impact of the Crusades Persecution of Jews and Muslims Economic development via trade Kings and popes, gained power as a result. Role of Church in Middle Ages Never was there a time when the Church was so powerful in Western Civilization. The Church was led by popes. Priests and nuns converted, gave care to people Role of Church Monks were spiritual leaders (obviously) They lived in monasteries that acted like trade schools and YMCAs Role of Church They spent years transcribing the Bible since the printing press wasn’t used in Europe yet. Churches and Cathedrals during the Middle Ages Role of Church Since there were no strong empires or kingdoms the Church was one organization that had respect and power. Popes were more powerful than kings! Important Middle Ages Technologies Water Wheel Eyeglasses Mechanical Clock Printing Gunpowder Eyeglasses Invented in Pisa 13th century By 15th century Italy making thousands spectacles Eyeglasses encouraged invention of fine instruments Gauges Micrometers Fine wheel cutters Precision tools Mechanical Clock Undermined Church authority equal hours for day and night a new concept Resisted by the church for a century Every town wanted one Public clocks installed in towers Conquerors seized as spoils of war Allowed individual autonomy Work now measured by time increased productivity Bern, Switzerland Gunpowder Europeans improved gunpowder to siege castles Europeans