Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry I（章18 有机化学）.pdf

Chapter 18 Organic Chemistry I: The Hydrocarbons Aliphatic Hydrocarbons (Sections 18.1–18.7) Key Concepts hydrocarbons, types of hydrocarbons, aliphatic hydrocarbon, aromatic hydrocarbon, condensed structural formula, line structure, saturated hydrocarbon, unsaturated hydrocarbon, nomenclature of hydrocarbons, alkanes, cycloalkanes, alkenes, alkynes, isomers, structural isomers, connectivity, conformations, stereoisomers, geometrical isomers, optical isomers, chiral molecule, enantiomers, achiral molecule, racemic mixture, properties of alkanes, alkane substitution reactions, functionalization, properties of alkenes, elimination reactions, dehydrohalogenation reactions, electrophilic addition to alkenes, addition reactions, halogenation, hydrohalogenation, electrophile Overview • Hydrocarbons → Compounds containing only carbon and hydrogen (Study Guide, Section 3.7) → Hydrocarbons without benzene rings are aliphatic. → Saturated hydrocarbons with no multiple bonds are alkanes. → Unsaturated hydrocarbons with at least one double bond are alkenes and with at least one triple bond are alkynes. → Hydrocarbons with benzene rings are aromatic. → Complex molecules often have “aromatic parts” and “aliphatic parts.” 18.1 Types of Aliphatic Hydrocarbons • Structural formula and line structure Example 18.1a Write the structural formula and the line structure of NH CH CH OH. 2 2 2 OH Answer NH −CH −CH −OH 2 2 2 NH2 Example 18.1b Write line structures for butane, 1-butene, and 1-butyne. The number indicates the position of the multiple bond.