Chapter 7 The Advanced Encryption Standard （第七章高级加密标准）.pdfVIP

Chapter 7 The Advanced Encryption Standard (AES) All of the cryptographic algorithms we have looked at so far have some problem. The earlier ciphers can be broken with ease on modern computation systems. The DES algorithm was broken in 1998 using a system that cost about $250,000. It was also far too slow in software as it was developed for mid-1970’s hardware and does not produce efficient software code. Triple DES on the other hand, has three times as many rounds as DES and is correspondingly slower. As well as this, the 64 bit block size of triple DES and DES is not very efficient and is questionable when it comes to security. What was required was a brand new encryption algorithm. One that would be resis- tant to all known attacks. The National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST) wanted to help in the creation of a new standard. However, because of the controversy that went with the DES algorithm, and the years of some branches of the U.S. govern- ment trying everything they could to hinder deployment of secure cryptography this was likely to raise strong skepticism. The problem was that NIST did actually want to help create a new excellent encryption standard but they couldn’t get involved di- rectly. Unfortunately they were really the only ones with the technical reputation and resources to the lead the effort. Instead of designing or helping to design a cipher, what they did instead was to set up a contest in which anyone in the world could take part. The contest was announced on the 2nd of January 1997 and the idea was to develop a new encryption algorithm that would be used for protecting sensitive, non-classified, U.S. government information. The ciphers had to meet a lot of requirements and the whole design had to be fully doc- umented (unlike the DES cipher). Once the candidate algorithms had been submitted, several years of scrutinisation in the form of cryptographic conferences took place. In th