Chapter4- Nuclear Processes课件.ppt

NUCLEAR ENERGY;CHAPTER 4  Nuclear Processes （核过程）;The number of possible nuclear reactions is extremely large because there are about 2000 known isotopes and many particles that can either be projectiles (发射体, 入射粒子) or products (产物)---photons, electrons, protons, neutrons, alpha particles, deuteron (氘核), and heavy charged particles(重带电粒子). In this chapter we emphasize (强调, 着重 ) induced reactions, especially those involving neutrons.;4.1 TRANSMUTATION OF ELEMENTS（元素的嬗变 ）;Nuclear transmutations can also be achieved by charged particles that are electrically accelerated to high speeds. ;Since the neutron is a neutral (中性的) particle it does not experience electrostatic repulsion (静电排斥) and can readily penetrate (穿透) a target nucleus (靶核). Neutrons are thus especially useful as projectiles to induce reactions. Several examples ：The conversion of mercury (汞) into gold, the alchemist (炼金术士)s dream, is described by;A shorthand (简化) notation (符号) is used to represent (描绘) nuclear reactions. Let an incoming particle (入射粒子) a strike a target nucleus X to produce a residual nucleus (余核) Y and an outgoing particle (出射粒子) b, with equation a + X = Y+ b. The reaction may be abbreviated (缩写) X(a, b)Y.;The interpretation (解释) of nuclear reactions often involves the concept of compound nucleus (复合核). This intermediate (中间的,中级的) stage is formed by the combination of a projectile and target nucleus. It has extra energy of excitation and breaks up into the outgoing particle or ray and the residual nucleus. ;4.2 ENERGY AND MOMENTUM CONSERVATION（能量与动量守恒 ）;The calculations just completed tell us the total kinetic energy of the product particles but do not reveal (显示) how much each has, or what the speeds are. To find this information we must apply the principle of conservation of momentum (动量守恒法则). Recall that the linear momentum (线动量) p of a material particle of mass m and speed v is p= mv. This relation is correct in both the classical (经典的) and relativistic (相对论的) senses. The tota