统计学英文教学课件Chapter 1(商科)What is Statistics.ppt

What is Meant by Statistics? Statistics is the science of collecting, organizing, presenting, analyzing, and interpreting data to assist in making more effective decisions. Types of Data Classified as: Quantitative / Qualitative and Time-Series / Cross-Sectional Types of Data Types of Data Levels of Measurement测量 Levels of Measurement Nominal Coded data, codes may or may not be a number, NOT mathematical Levels of Measurement Ordinal Data are rank-ordered, order is meaningful, differences between rankings not meaningful Levels of Measurement Interval Similar to ordinal data, WITH differences between data values being meaningful, BUT ratio of two data values not meaningful Levels of Measurement Ratio Ratio of two data values IS meaningful Data Collection Methods Data Collection Issues - Errors Data Errors BIRMINGHAM B IRMINGHAM BHAM BHAMI BIARMINGHAM BIMRINGHAM BIRIMINGHAM BIRINGHAM BIRMIGHAM BIRMIGNHAM BIRMIINGHAM BIRMIMGHAM BIRMINGAHM BIRMINGHA M BIRMINGHAH BIRMINGHAM BIRMINGHAM` BIRMINHAM BIRMINHGAM BIRMINHGHAM BIRMINNGHAM BIRMNGHAM BIRNINGHAM BRIMINGHAM BRMINGHAM BURMINGHAM Statistics Terminology Why Sample? Time Requirement Cost of Acquisition Destructive Sampling Sample Results can be very accurate!! Simple Random Sampling Every possible subset of n units has the same chance of being selected How to do it: Use random number table or random number generator, such as Excel Assign numbers to population Select n random numbers Sample population elements that correspond to the random numbers Systematic Random Sampling Select every kth where k=N/n, starting with a randomly chosen student from 1 to k. Example: Suppose N=5000 students and we want to sample n=200 students. N/n = 5000/200