chapterthree–80x86micropocessorprinciplesofmicrocomputers.ppt

Chapter Three80x86 Microprocessor80x86微处理器（1） To write even a modest 80x86 assembly language program requires considerable familiarity with the 80x86 family. To write good assembly language programs requires a strong knowledge of the underlying hardware. Unfortunately, the underlying hardware is not consistent. Techniques that are crucial for 8088 programs may not be useful on 80486 systems. Fortunately, some programming techniques work well whatever microprocessor you’re using. This chapter describes some basic components that make up a computer system: the CPU, memory, and so on. Although you can write software that is ignorant of these concepts, high performance software requires a complete understanding of this material. Some might argue that this chapter gets too involved with computer architecture. They feel such material should appear in an architectural book, not an assembly language programming book. This couldn’t be farther from the truth! Writing good assembly language programs requires a strong knowledge of the architecture. Hence the emphasis on computer architecture in this chapter. 3.2 System Timing 3.2.1 The System Clock At the most basic level, the system clock handles all synchronization within a computer system. The system clock is an electrical signal on the control bus which alternates between zero and one at a periodic rate. CPUs are a good example of a complex synchronous logic system. 3.2 System Timing 3.2 System Timing The frequency with which the system clock alternates between zero and one is the system clock frequency . The time it takes for the system clock to switch from zero to one and back to zero is the clock period. One full period is also called a clock cycle . On most modern systems, the system clock switches between zero and one at rates exceeding several million times per second. The clock frequency is simply the number of clock cycles which occur each second. 3.2 System Timing To ensure synchronization, most