7 糖代谢其他途径 2.pptVIP

二、糖异生;用整体动物做实验，禁食24小时，大鼠肝脏中的糖原由7%降低到1%，饲喂乳酸、丙酮酸或三羧酸循环代谢的中间物后可以使大鼠肝糖原增加。 根皮苷是一种从梨树茎皮中提取的有毒的糖苷，它能抑制肾小管将葡萄糖重吸收进入血液中，这样血液中的葡萄糖就不断的由尿中排出。当给用根皮苷处理过的动物饲喂三羧酸循环中间代谢物或生糖氨基酸后，这些动物尿中的糖含量增加。 糖尿病人或切除胰岛的动物，他们从氨基酸转化成糖的过程十分活跃。当摄入生糖氨基酸时，尿中糖含量增加。;糖异生途径的前体;　　　　　　 但是这种转变不是糖分解代谢的简单逆转，必须克服那些由关键酶所催化的不可逆反应造成的“能障”。主要有三个酶催化的反应, 异生过程必须设法“绕过”这三个反应.;糖异生主要途径和关键反应;漫照身凛词各敏笑纵次史涸变痞路撕程葡委投头良迈紊调彩否讯团镊耗夫7 糖代谢的其他途径 27 糖代谢的其他途径 2; 糖异生途径关键反应之一;丙酮酸羧化酶（线粒体酶）;Biotin has a 5-C side chain whose terminal carboxyl is in amide linkage to the e-amino group of an enzyme lysine. The biotin lysine side chains form a long swinging arm that allows the biotin ring to swing back forth between 2 active sites. ;苹果酸-草酰乙酸穿梭作用;糖异生途径关键反应之二;Phosphofructokinase (Glycolysis) catalyzes: fructose-6-P + ATP ? fructose-1,6-bisP + ADP Fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) catalyzes: fructose-1,6-bisP + H2O ? fructose-6-P + Pi;糖异生途径关键反应之三;Hexokinase or Glucokinase (Glycolysis) catalyzes: glucose + ATP ? glucose-6-phosphate + ADP Glucose-6-Phosphatase (Gluconeogenesis) catalyzes: glucose-6-phosphate + H2O ? glucose + Pi;糖酵解和葡萄糖异生的关系;The source of pyruvate and oxaloacetate for gluconeogenesis during fasting or carbohydrate starvation is mainly amino acid catabolism. Some amino acids are catabolized to pyruvate, oxaloacetate, or precursors of these. Muscle proteins may break down to supply amino acids. These are transported to liver where they are deaminated and converted to gluconeogenesis inputs.? Glycerol, derived from hydrolysis of triacylglycerols in fat cells, is also a significant input to gluconeogenesis. ;糖异生的调控;Reciprocal regulation by fructose-2,6-bisphosphate: Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate stimulates Glycolysis. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate allosterically activates the Glycolysis enzyme Phosphofructokinase. Fructose-2,6-bisphosphate also activates transcription of the gene for Glucokinase, the liver variant of Hexokinase that phosphorylates glucose to glucose-6-phosphate, the input