八年级下期生物复习资料（The eight grade next biological review）.doc

八年级下期生物复习资料（The eight grade next biological review） Biology review materials for grade eight (below) Seventh unit, Chapter 1 biological reproduction and development I. reproduction of plants 1. sexual reproduction: the mode of reproduction in which a fertilized egg develops into a new individual. For example, the seed is propagated (by flowering, pollination, and fruit), and the seeds of the fruit are propagated Offspring.) (the egg cell in the ovule combines with the sperm in the pollen to form the fertilized egg embryo to seed) 2. asexual reproduction: without the union of bisexual cells, the female directly produces new individuals. Examples: cutting, grafting, layering and tissue culture 3., the key to grafting: the scion and rootstock formation layer close combination, to ensure survival Two reproduction and development of insects 1. complete metamorphosis: in the process of development from fertilized eggs into new individuals, the structure and life habits of larvae and adults vary greatly, which is called abnormal development An egg, a larva, a pupa, an adult. Examples: silkworms, bees, butterflies, moths, flies, mosquitoes 2. incomplete metamorphosis: eggs, nymphs, adults. For example: grasshoppers, cicadas, crickets, cricket, mantis Three reproduction and development of Amphibians 1. metamorphosis development: egg, tadpole, juvenile frog, adult frog 2. characteristics: laying eggs, fertilized in vitro. Four, the reproduction and development of birds 1. process: nesting, courtship, mating, oviposition, hatching and brooding stages. 2. features: eggs fertilized in vivo The structure of 3. eggs: one is an egg yolk. That contains the nucleus. - protective effects of eggshell and shell membrane protein, nutrition and protection Egg yolk - nutrition. Blastodermic - places of embryonic development. The second chapter: heredity and variation of Biology Heredity: refers to the similarity between parents and children. Variation: refers to the difference between offs