专业英语作业分析.pptVIP

Animals;1.Some General Features of Animals; Except for the sponges,animal cells are organized intotissues,which are groups of cells combined into a structural and functonal unit.In most animals the tissues are organized into organs,which are complex structures that are made up by the composition of two or more kinds of tissues.; Most animals reproduce sexually.Their gametes-eggs and sperm-do not divide by mitosis.With few exceptions animals are diploid;their gametes are the only haploid cells in their life cycles.The complex form of a given animal develops from a zygote formed from the union of male and female gametes.In a characteristic process of embryonic development,the zygote first undergoes a series of mitotic divisions and becomes a hollow ball of cells called the blastula.; This developmental stage occurs in all animals.In most animals the blastula folds inward at one point to form a hollow sac with an opening at one end called the plastopore.An embryo with a blastopore is called a gastrula.The subsequent growth and movement of the cells of the gastrula produce the digestive system.The details of early embryonic development differ widely from one phylum of animals to another,as you will see.These details often provide important clues to the evolutionary relationships among the phyla.; Sponges are the simplest of animals.The cells of a sponge are not orgnized into tissues.Sponges lack organs,and most sponges completely lack symmetry.The bodies of sponges consist of little more than masses of cells embedded in a gelatinous matrix.There is relatively little coordination among the cells-a sponge can pass through a fine silk mesh,with individual clumps of cells separating,and then reaggregate on the other side.; The body of a young sponge is shaped like a sac or vase.The body wall is covered on the outside by a layer of flattened cells called the epithelial wall.Facing into the internal cavity are specialized,flagellated cells called choanocytes,or coll