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approximate transformations for van der pol-type equationsvan der pol-type方程近似转换.pdf

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approximate transformations for van der pol-type equationsvan der pol-type方程近似转换

APPROXIMATE TRANSFORMATIONS FOR VAN DER POL-TYPE EQUATIONS R. K. GAZIZOV AND C. M. KHALIQUE Received 13 December 2004; Revised 20 September 2005; Accepted 16 July 2006 Classiﬁcation of van der Pol-type equations with respect to admitted approximate trans- formation groups transforming a small parameter is given. It is shown that approximate symmetries transforming the small parameter as well as the usual approximate symme- tries can be used for approximate integration (e.g., by method of successive reduction of order) of ordinary diﬀerential equations with a small parameter. Copyright © 2006 R. K. Gazizov and C. M. Khalique. This is an open access article dis- tributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is prop- erly cited. 1. Introduction It is well known that the knowledge of a point symmetry of an ordinary diﬀerential equa- tion allows us to lower its order by one. Hence, if a second-order ordinary diﬀerential has two point symmetries it can then be reduced to quadrature. This method, known as the method of successive reduction of order, was developed by the Norwegian mathematician Sophus Lie and is based on his theory of transformation groups (for details of Lie theory and its applications to ordinary diﬀerential equations see, e.g., [5] or [8]). Recently, Baikov et al. [2] developed the theory of approximate transformation groups with the aim of investigating symmetry properties of diﬀerential equations with a small parameter (the detailed discussion on this theory and its algorithms can be found in [3]). It was shown by Ibragimov [7] that if an ordinary diﬀerential equation of the second- order admits two parameter point approximate transformation group in the sense of [2], then the method of successive reduction of order can be applied to the equation. Among ordinary diﬀerential equations of the second order wi