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autism, contextnoncontext information processing, and atypical development自闭症,contextnoncontext信息处理,典型的发展
Hindawi Publishing Corporation
Autism Research and Treatment
Volume 2011, Article ID 681627, 14 pages
doi:10.1155/2011/681627
Review Article
Autism, Context/Noncontext Information Processing, and
Atypical Development
John R. Skoyles
Centre for Mathematics and Physics in the Life Sciences and Experimental Biology (CoMPLEX), University College London,
London NW1 2HE, UK
Correspondence should be addressed to John R. Skoyles, j.skoyles@ucl.ac.uk
Received 29 October 2010; Revised 16 March 2011; Accepted 6 June 2011
Academic Editor: Johannes Rojahn
Copyright © 2011 John R. Skoyles. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License,
which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited.
Autism has been attributed to a deficit in contextual information processing. Attempts to understand autism in terms of such a
defect, however, do not include more recent computational work upon context. This work has identified that context information
processing depends upon the extraction and use of the information hidden in higher-order (or indirect) associations. Higher-order
associations underlie the cognition of context rather than that of situations. This paper starts by examining the differences between
higher-order and first-order (or direct) associations. Higher-order associations link entities not directly (as with first-order ones)
but indirectly through all the connections they have via other entities. Extracting this information requires the processing of
past episodes as a totality. As a result, this extraction depends upon specialised extraction processes separate from cognition. This
information is then consolidated. Due to this difference, the extraction/consolidation of high
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