cyclosporine a review环孢霉素审查.pdfVIP

Hindawi Publishing Corporation Journal of Transplantation Volume 2012, Article ID 230386, 7 pages doi:10.1155/2012/230386 Review Article Cyclosporine: A Review Dustin Tedesco and Lukas Haragsim Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, 920 S. L. Young Blvd, WP 2250 Oklahoma City, OK 73104, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Dustin Tedesco, dustin-tedesco@ Received 14 July 2011; Accepted 28 October 2011 Academic Editor: Andreas Zuckermann Copyright © 2012 D. Tedesco and L. Haragsim. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. The discovery and use of cyclosporine since its inception into clinical use in the late 1970s has played a major role in the advancement of transplant medicine. While it has improved rates of acute rejection and early graft survival, data on long-term survival of renal allografts is less convincing. The finding of acute reversible nephrotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in nonrenal transplants has since led to the widely accepted view that there is a chronic more irreversible component to this agent as well. Since that time, there has been intense interest in finding protocols which seek to minimize and even avoid the use of calcineurin inhibitors altogether. We seek to review cyclosporine in terms of its mechanism of action, pathophysiologic, and histologic features associated with acute and chronic nephrotoxicity and recent studies looking to avoid its toxic side effects. 1. Introduction azathioprine and steroids, respectively, for immuno