第2讲：自然灾害的分类与特征及环境灾害.pptVIP

* 中山大学地理科学与规划学院 * 环境灾害的定义很难确定 广义的环境灾害：自然环境中蕴藏的对其自身有威胁作用的某些因素发生变化，累计超过一定临界度，致使自然环境系统遭到破坏，进而危及人类生存环境，导致人类生命财产损失的现象。——张丽萍 自然环境中某些因素发生变化 （自然因素） 自然环境破坏（自然结果） 生命财产损失（社会经济结果） = 自然灾害 * 中山大学地理科学与规划学院 * 环境灾害的定义很难确定 狭义的环境灾害：人类活动作用超过自然环境的承载力，致使自然环境遭到破坏，失去功能，甚至对人类生命财产构成威胁或造成损失的现象。——张丽萍=曾维华 人类活动 自然环境破坏（自然结果） 生命财产损失（社会经济结果） = 人为灾害 * 中山大学地理科学与规划学院 * 从哲学角度理解，环境是一个相对概念，是一个相对于主体的客体，明确环境的主体，是正确掌握环境概念的前提。 社会学：环境被认为是以人为主体的外部世界。——主要指人文环境 生态学:环境被认为是以生物为主体的外部世界。——主要指自然环境 环境科学：环境被定义为以人类社会为主体的外部世界的总体，是影响人类生存和发展的各种自然因素和社会因素的总和。——包含自然环境和人文环境 * 中山大学地理科学与规划学院 * What are Environmental Hazards? Most environmental disasters have both natural and human components. For example, flood problems may be exacerbated by fluctuations in climate, such as increased storm frequency, and by human activities, such as land drainage and deforestation. The loss of life caused by a tropical cyclone can be greatly reduced be means of a warning message derived from monitoring by satellites and weather radar. * 中山大学地理科学与规划学院 * Environmental Hazards The effects of a nuclear accident will be heavily influenced by the prevailing（盛行的） downwind path and the rate of fallout(放射性坠尘). These interactions have led to the increasing recognition of ‘hybrid’ hazards resulting from some degree of overlap between environmental, technological and social processes. Environmental Hazards Environmental hazards exist at the interface between the natural events and human use systems. Human responses to hazards can modify both the natural events in, and the human use of, the environment. * * Environmental Hazards Keith Smith—Environmental Hazards: Assessing Risk and Reducing Disaster In this book, environmental hazard will be mainly restricted to events which directly threaten human life and property by means of acute（十分严重的） physical or chemical trauma(损伤).This means an emphasis on rapid-onset events but there are notable exceptions, such as drought. Deaths and injuries associated with acute trauma are treated pr